Why does caste matter in marriage?

In the context of marriage in India, caste continues to play a significant role for several reasons, as outlined in the following points:

Social and Cultural Significance

Caste has been an integral part of Indian society for centuries, and it remains a crucial factor in determining social status and identity. Marriage within the same caste is often seen as a way to maintain family honor, social standing, and cultural traditions. This is particularly true because caste is tied to specific roles, customs, and social norms that are deeply ingrained in Indian society235.

Economic and Educational Trade-Offs

Studies have shown that individuals and their families are willing to make significant trade-offs in terms of education and economic status to ensure that marriages occur within the same caste. For example, families might prefer a less educated but same-caste partner over a more educated partner from a different caste. This indicates that the preference for intra-caste marriages is strong and not merely a proxy for other desirable attributes1.

Family and Social Approval

Marriage outside one's caste often faces strong social disapproval, and in some cases, it can lead to severe consequences such as honor killings. Families and community networks play a significant role in policing marriages, and the threat of social humiliation or boycott can be a powerful deterrent against inter-caste marriages23.

Vertical vs. Horizontal Preferences

Interestingly, the preference for intra-caste marriages is more horizontal (i.e., marrying within the same caste level) rather than vertical (i.e., "marrying up" in the caste hierarchy). This suggests that the desire is not necessarily to improve caste status but to maintain caste identity1.

Genetic and Health Implications

The practice of endogamy (marrying within the same community or caste) can lead to a limited gene pool, increasing the risk of genetic diseases. Despite these biological drawbacks, the cultural and social benefits of intra-caste marriages often outweigh the potential health risks45.

Changing Attitudes

While caste remains a significant factor, there are indications that attitudes are changing, especially among the urban middle class. Young people are increasingly open to inter-caste marriages, driven by factors such as economic mobility and the use of modern technologies like dating apps. However, significant obstacles, including social stigma and family opposition, still exist23.

In summary, caste matters in marriage due to its deep-rooted social, cultural, and economic significance, despite the potential drawbacks and the gradual shift in attitudes, particularly among younger and more urban populations.