What is diff between national park, sanctuary and biosphere reserve?

The main differences between a national park, a wildlife sanctuary, and a biosphere reserve can be outlined as follows:

National Park

• A national park is a large area designated for the protection of entire ecosystems, including flora, fauna, landscapes, and historical objects. It is typically owned and managed by the government145.
• The primary goal is to conserve 'wild nature' and protect areas of national natural, historic, or cultural significance.
• Human activities are strictly regulated, and exploitation of natural resources is generally prohibited. However, controlled tourism and recreational activities are allowed under special conditions145.
• Boundaries are fixed and legally protected4.

Wildlife Sanctuary

• A wildlife sanctuary is an area established primarily for the protection of wildlife (wild animals) in their natural habitat. It may be owned by the government or privately owned4.
• The focus is on protecting wild animals, and while there are restrictions, some human activities like grazing, collecting medicinal plants, and firewood are allowed. However, hunting and capturing animals are prohibited4.
• Boundaries may not be as strictly defined as those of national parks, and the area is generally smaller compared to national parks and biosphere reserves4.

Biosphere Reserve

• A biosphere reserve is a large area that aims to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable development. These reserves are part of UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme and are nominated by national governments34.
• Biosphere reserves consist of three zones: the Core Zone (strictly protected with no human intervention), the Buffer Zone (surrounding the core zone with limited human activity), and the Transition Zone (where sustainable human activities are allowed)34.
• These reserves protect entire biodiversity, including a variety of plants and animals, and also consider the cultural aspects of the area, such as the lifestyles of local communities34.
• Biosphere reserves can be very large and may include national parks and wildlife sanctuaries within their boundaries34.

In summary:

• National Parks: Protect entire ecosystems, strictly regulated human activities, and are typically government-owned.
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Focus on protecting wildlife, allow some human activities, and may be privately or government-owned.
• Biosphere Reserves: Aim to conserve biodiversity, promote sustainable development, and have a zoned structure allowing varying levels of human activity.