What are some unusual aspects about politics and government in Hungary?

Hungary's political landscape has several unusual aspects, particularly since the rise of the Fidesz party under Viktor Orbán. Here are some key points:

Unusual Aspects of Hungarian Politics

1. Electoral System Manipulation:

   • Gerrymandering: Electoral districts have been redrawn to favor Fidesz, making it difficult for smaller parties to win seats23.
   • Majoritarian Elements: The electoral system has shifted more towards majoritarian elements, reducing the proportionality of representation3.

2. Constitutional Changes:

   • New Fundamental Law: Introduced in 2012, this constitution was drafted without significant public or opposition input, centralizing power and limiting checks on the government5.
   • Amendments: The Constitution has been amended multiple times to remove institutional checks, allowing the government to pass laws without opposition2.

3. Politicization of Institutions:

   • Appointment of Loyalists: Key positions in supposedly independent institutions (e.g., Constitutional Court, Media Authority, Judicial Office) have been filled with Fidesz loyalists24.
   • Loss of Independence: Institutions like the judiciary and media have seen their independence eroded, with appointments often based on political loyalty rather than merit35.

4. Restrictions on Civil Liberties:

   • Media Control: The government has significant control over public media and has influenced private media, limiting free press3.
   • Restrictions on Public Life: Laws have been passed to limit public gatherings and protests, and there are strict regulations on trade unions1.

5. Illiberal Democracy:

   • Centralization of Power: The government has centralized power, reducing checks on its authority and limiting the role of opposition parties5.
   • Nationalist and Conservative Policies: The government promotes a conservative agenda, emphasizing national identity and family values5.

6. International Citizenship and Voting Rights:

   • Ethnic Hungarian Citizenship: Citizenship has been granted to ethnic Hungarians living abroad, potentially increasing Fidesz's voter base1.

These changes have led to concerns about Hungary's democratic backsliding and its shift towards an illiberal democracy. Despite these developments, Hungary still maintains some elements of a multiparty system, although the political playing field is heavily skewed in favor of Fidesz13.