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Hezbollah, also known as the "Party of God," is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group. Here are some key points about Hezbollah:
Formation and Ideology
Hezbollah was founded in 1982 by Lebanese clerics in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. It was heavily influenced by the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the ideology of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The group's initial manifesto, published in 1985, outlined its objectives, including expelling Western influence from the region, destroying Israel, and establishing an Islamic government aligned with Iran's political ideology. However, over time, Hezbollah has adapted its stance to emphasize Lebanese self-determination and national unity123.
Political and Military Activities
Hezbollah operates both as a political party and a paramilitary organization. Its political wing, the Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc, holds significant influence in the Lebanese Parliament, with 15 seats. The group is also a major player in Lebanon's government and social services, running schools, hospitals, and a satellite TV station, Al-Manar1.
The paramilitary wing of Hezbollah, known as the Jihad Council or "The Islamic Resistance," is considered one of the most powerful non-state actors in the world. It has been involved in numerous conflicts, including the 2006 Lebanon War and the Syrian civil war, where it fought alongside the Syrian government. Despite calls for disarmament under UN resolutions, Hezbollah has expanded its military capabilities and is now stronger than the Lebanese Armed Forces12.
Support and Financing
Hezbollah is primarily supported and financed by Iran, and it also receives some support from Syria and, in the context of the Syrian conflict, from Russia. The group has strong ties with other paramilitary organizations in the Middle East, such as Hamas and the Houthis12.
Public Perception and International Status
Hezbollah is viewed differently depending on the perspective. In Lebanon, it is a recognized political party, particularly among the Shia population. However, it has faced growing domestic criticism, especially after the 2020 Beirut port explosion. A significant portion of the Lebanese population, particularly non-Shia groups, do not trust Hezbollah1.
Internationally, Hezbollah is designated as a terrorist organization by over 21 countries, including most Western countries, Israel, and some Latin American nations. This designation is due to its involvement in various high-profile attacks and its ongoing military activities123.
Social and Cultural Impact
Hezbollah has a significant social impact in Lebanon, operating a vast network of social services. The group also promotes a culture of martyrdom and resistance, particularly among its supporters. It has managed to create a strong sense of community and loyalty, especially among the Shia population in Lebanon13.
In summary, Hezbollah is a complex entity that functions as both a political party and a powerful paramilitary group, with deep roots in Lebanese politics and society, and significant international implications.