Does it matter whether humans are selfish or evil?

The question of whether humans are inherently selfish or evil is complex and has been debated by philosophers, psychologists, and scientists for centuries. Here are some key points to consider:

Implications for Behavior and Society

• The perception of human nature, whether as selfish, evil, good, or a mix, significantly influences how we interact with each other and the society we build. For instance, if we believe humans are inherently selfish, we might design social and economic systems that assume self-interest is the primary motivator, as seen in neoclassical economics3.
• Conversely, if we believe humans have a natural inclination towards cooperation and altruism, we might focus on fostering environments that encourage empathy and collective well-being, as suggested by humanistic psychologists like Carl Rogers2.

Moral Accountability and Personal Growth

• Believing that humans are capable of both good and evil, but leaning towards goodness, can encourage personal growth and moral accountability. This perspective suggests that while we may have selfish or evil tendencies, our natural state is more inclined towards sympathy and fellow-feeling, and that we are happier when acting altruistically1.
• Recognizing the potential for both good and evil within ourselves can prompt a more nuanced approach to moral development, emphasizing the importance of self-reflection and the cultivation of positive traits.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

• Our view of human nature can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. If we assume humans are inherently selfish or evil, we may approach others with suspicion and mistrust, leading to a downward spiral of conflict. Conversely, if we believe in the inherent goodness of humans, we may foster more empathetic and cooperative relationships2.

Psychological and Philosophical Insights

• Psychological studies highlight both the darker aspects of human nature, such as moral hypocrisy and the tendency to blame victims, and the more positive aspects, such as our capacity for cooperation and altruism4.
• Philosophical arguments, like those from Mencius and Clancy Martin, suggest that while humans are capable of evil, our normal state is more inclined towards goodness, and that evil is often an exception rather than the rule1.

Conclusion

Whether or not humans are seen as selfish or evil matters significantly because it influences our social structures, personal behaviors, and moral frameworks. It shapes how we treat each other, how we design our societies, and how we approach personal growth and moral development. A balanced view that acknowledges both the positive and negative aspects of human nature can lead to a more compassionate and cooperative society.